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Uneven and combined development (or unequal and combined development) is a Marxist concept〔Sam Ashman, "Combined and uneven development", pp. 60-65 in Ben Fine Alfredo & Saad Filho (eds.), ''The Elgar Companion to Marxist Economics''. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2012.〕 to describe the overall dynamics of human history. It was originally used by the Russian revolutionary Leon Trotsky around the turn of the 20th century, when he was analyzing the developmental possibilities that existed for the economy and civilization in the Russian empire, and the likely future of the Tsarist regime in Russia.〔 Richard B. Day and Daniel Gaido (eds.), ''Witnesses to Permanent Revolution: The Documentary Record''. Chicago: Haymarket, 2011.〕 It was the basis of his political strategy of permanent revolution,〔Leon Trotsky, ''The Permanent Revolution'' ()〕 which implied a rejection of the idea that a human society inevitably developed through a uni-linear sequence of necessary "stages". Trotsky's ideas matured under the influence of Georg Vollmar's study of a possibility of socialism in one country, as well as John Hobson, Rudolf Hilferding and Vladimir Lenin's studies of imperialism. Also before Trotsky, Nikolay Chernyshevsky and Vasily Vorontsov proposed a similar idea.〔Day & Gaido, ''op. cit.'', p. 27.〕 The concept is still used today by Trotskyists and other Marxists concerned with world politics.〔Bill Dunn and Hugo Radice (eds.) ''100 Years of Permanent Revolution. Results and Prospects''. London: Pluto Press, 2006.〕 ==Origins== Trotsky's concept was originally inspired by a series of articles by Alexander Helphand (better known as “Parvus”) on “War and Revolution” in the Russian journal ''Iskra'' in 1904.〔Michael Lowy, ''The politics of Uneven and Combined Development''. London: Verso, 1981. (republished by Haymarket Books in 2010).〕 At first, Trotsky intended this concept only to describe a characteristic evolutionary pattern in the worldwide expansion of the capitalist mode of production from the 16th century onwards, through the growth of a world economy which connected more and more peoples and territories together through trade, migration and investment.〔Leon Trotsky, ''Results and Prospects''. ()〕 His focus was also initially mainly on the history of the Russian empire, where the most advanced technological and scientific developments co-existed with extremely primitive and superstitious cultures. Lenin's 1915 article "On the Slogan for a United States of Europe" enlarges the scope of the idea to apply to the whole capitalist formation. The article explicitly states that "uneven economic and political development is an absolute law of capitalism. Hence the victory of socialism is possible first in several or even in one capitalist country alone."〔 V. I. Lenin, ''On the Slogan for a United States of Europe''.()〕 In Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism, Lenin applied the idea of uneven development to argue that political and economic competition between advanced capitalist states inevitably occasions hegemonic transitions, or changes in the world hierarchy of dominant and subdominant states. This was an early Marxist antecedent to the later developed power transition and hegemonic stability theories: In the 1920s and 1930s, Leon Trotsky increasingly generalised the concept of uneven and combined development to the ''whole'' of human history, and even to processes of evolutionary biology,〔"Talk of uneven development becomes dominant in Trotskii's writings from 1927 onwards. From this date, whenever the law is mentioned, the claim consistently made for it is that 'the entire history of mankind is governed by the law of uneven development'." - Ian D. Thatcher, "Uneven and combined development", ''Revolutionary Russia'', Vol. 4 No. 2, 1991, p. 237.〕 as well as the formation of the human personality - as a general dialectical category. The concept played a certain role in the fierce theoretical debates during the political conflict between the supporters of Joseph Stalin and Trotsky's Left Opposition, a debate which ranged from the historical interpretation of the Russian revolution and economic strategies for the transition to socialism, to the correct understanding of principles of Marxism. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Uneven and combined development」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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